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State Attorney Aramis Ayala, of the 9th circuit in Florida, at a press conference on March 16, 2017. (AP) State Attorney Aramis Ayala, of the 9th circuit in Florida, at a press conference on March 16, 2017. (AP)

State Attorney Aramis Ayala, of the 9th circuit in Florida, at a press conference on March 16, 2017. (AP)

Amy Sherman
By Amy Sherman April 17, 2017

Florida lawmaker says 'African-Americans are grossly overrepresented on Florida’s death row'

The decision by Orlando-area prosecutor Aramis D. Ayala to no longer seek the death penalty in murder cases has injected a racial discussion about death row into the Florida legislative session.

Ayala, a Democrat elected as state attorney in 2016, announced her decision while handling the case of Markeith Loyd, who is accused of killing his ex-girlfriend and an Orlando police officer. Scott removed Ayala from the Loyd case as well as 21 additional first-degree murder cases and reassigned them to Brad King, a Republican state attorney.

Sen. Randolph Bracy, an Orange County Democrat and chairman of the Florida Senate Criminal Justice Committee, defended Ayala’s right to make that call and criticized Gov. Rick Scott’s reaction in an op-ed in the New York Times.

"As a black man, I see the death penalty as a powerful symbol of injustice in which race often determines who lives and who dies, especially in Florida," Bracy wrote. "The state has the second-largest number of death row inmates in the country, after California, and African-Americans are grossly overrepresented on Florida’s death row."

Related: Did the U.S. Supreme Court ban all state laws that make executions mandatory for murderers?

We decided to look at the statistics and see if they back up Bracy’s statement.

Florida’s death row statistics

Sheer numbers don’t say very much about racial discrepancies of death row inmates. (There are more white inmates than black inmates among the 371 members of Florida’s death row.)

Bracy’s point about overrepresentation compares African-American inmates on death row compared to African-Americans’ share of the general population.

African-Americans in Florida comprise about 17 percent of the population, according to the 2015 census.

But they make up about 39 percent of the death row population.

Based on the data, African-Americans make up twice as large of a share of death row inmates as a share of the state population.

Other ways to crunch it

There is a lot of research that shows racial disparities in sentencing for death penalty cases, in Florida and around the country.

The leader of a pro-death penalty group quibbled with Bracy’s point, saying it disregards the race of people who commit homicides.

Michael Rushford, president of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation, said more African-Americans are convicted of homicide.

"There are far fewer women than men on Florida's death row; this does not indicate a bias against men, it indicates a disproportionate percent of men who commit capital murder compared to women," he said.

The Bureau of Justice Statistics found that nationally between 1980-2008, 52.5 percent of homicide convicts were African-American while 45.3 percent were white. In 2015, 36.7 percent of homicide convicts were African-American while 30.2 percent were white.

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"The difference between the makeup of death row and the makeup of the general population is attributable to the difference in offending rates, not bias in the system," said Kent Scheidegger, legal director of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation.

Evidence for racial disparities

Studies show sentencing in death penalty cases often depends more heavily on the race of the victim than the killer.

No white person has ever been executed for killing a black person, said Michael Radelet, a University of Colorado professor who has studied death penalty sentencing in Florida.

In a 1991 study, Radelet (then at the University of Florida) found the odds of a death sentence for those who kill white people are about 3.4 times higher than for those who kill African-Americans in Florida.

"All the research in Florida has found that the race of the victim is a more powerful predictor of death sentencing than the race of the defendant...," he told PolitiFact Florida. "It is true that every homicide cases is different, but even after looking at roughly similar cases (multiple murders, murders that have accompanying felony circumstances, etc.) we find the patterns of bias."

Brandon L. Garrett, a University of Virginia School of Law, reached a similar conclusion in his research at the national level.

Garrett analyzed data on all death sentencing by county from 1990 to 2016, seeking to answer the question of why a few counties, but not the bulk, still impose death sentences.

He found that death sentences are strongly associated with urban, populous counties as well as counties that have large black populations. Garrett also found that counties with more white victims of homicide have more death sentencing.

Frank Baumgartner, a University of North Carolina political science professor, described a similar pattern in a 2016 Albany Law Review article after he examined national data on race and homicide between 1976 through 2014.

In Florida, Baumgartner found "tremendous disparities" depending upon the race and gender of the victim.

He found that 72 percent of all executions in Florida were for crimes involving white victims despite the fact that 56 percent of all homicide victims are white. He argues that bias can enter the system at many points -- starting with a prosecutor’s decision about how to charge the crime and ultimately decisions by juries.

It isn’t just a Florida problem.

One of the key pieces of analysis cited in this area is by University of Iowa law professor David Baldus, who examined a sampling of death penalty cases in Philadelphia from 1983 to 1993. He found average death sentencing rates were 38 percent higher for black defendants than for other defendants.

Baldus, who died in 2011, played a role in the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1987 McCleskey vs. Kemp decision, in which the court determined Baldus’ research showing statistical evidence of racial discrimination in Georgia death penalty cases did not make the death penalty unconstitutional.

In a report for the American Bar Association, Baldus found that race-of-defendant disparities existed in several other states, too, including California, Pennsylvania and South Carolina.

Our ruling

Bracy said, "African-Americans are grossly overrepresented on Florida’s death row."

African-Americans are overrepresented in terms of their population; black inmates make up twice as large of a share of death row inmates than their share of the state population.

The "why" isn’t as easy to answer. National data show that more blacks than whites are convicted of homicides. However, research repeatedly shows that the victim’s race affects a defendant’s sentence: no white person has been executed for killing a black person in Florida.

We rate Bracy’s statement Mostly True.

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"African-Americans are grossly overrepresented on Florida’s death row."
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Our Sources

New York Times op-ed by Sen. Randolph Bracy, "Florida’s vengeful governor," April 4, 2017

Florida Department of Corrections, Offender statistics, Accessed April 4, 2017

Amazon.com, Machinery of Death: The Reality of America’s Death Penalty Regime, 2002

Ohio State University Moritz law article by Kent Scheidegger of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation legal director, "Rebutting the Myths About Race and the Death Penalty," 2012

Crime and consequences blog by Kent Scheidegger, "Disproportionate to what?" Jan. 17, 2012

Illinois College of Law professor Wayne LaFave, Criminal procedure, updated December 2015

Death Penalty Information Center, "Death row USA," Summer 2016

Death Penalty Information Center, United States Supreme Court decisions 1972-1996, Accessed April 4, 2017

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, "The American Death Penalty decline," Forthcoming in 2017

Albany Law Review by Frank Baumgartner, These Lives Matter, Those Ones Don’t:  Comparing Execution Rates by the Race and Gender of the Victim in the US and in the Top Death Penalty States, 2016

Frank Baumgartner, "The Impact of Race, Gender, and Geography on Florida Executions," Jan. 14, 2016

Gainesville Sun op-ed, "Frank Baumgartner: Racial bias plagues Florida’s death penalty," Jan. 26, 2016

Letter from legal experts to Gov. Rick Scott, March 20, 2017

Justia U.S. Law, State v. Cain, 1980

Legal Information Institute Cornell law, Furman v. Georgia, 1972

Oyez Chicago-Kent College of Law, Gregg v. Georgia, 1976

Oyez Chicago-Kent College of Law, Jurek v. Texas, 1976

Oyez Chicago-Kent College of Law, Woodson v. North Carolina, 1976

Oyez Chicago-Kent College of Law, Roberts v. Louisiana, 1976

Findlaw, Sumner v. Shuman, 1987

Court of Appeal of Florida Fifth District, State v. Perry, March 16, 2016

Court of Appeal of Florida Fifth District, Emergency Petition for Writ of Prohibition, Feb. 15, 2016

Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi, Statement on Florida Supreme Court Decision in Perry v. State, Feb. 20, 2017

Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi, Tweet, March 16, 2017

Amazon.com, Machinery of Death: The Reality of America’s Death Penalty Regime, 2002

University of Washington study, "The role of race in Washington state capital sentencing, 1981-2012," Jan. 14, 2014

American Bar Association study, "State death penalty systems deeply flawed," Oct. 29, 2007

Census, Quick Facts about Florida, 2015

Bureau of Justice Statistics, Homicide Trends in the United States, 1980-2008

FBI, Crime in the United States, 2015

ACLU of Florida, "Florida Prosecutor Goes on Killing Spree," March 13, 2014

New York Times, David C. Baldus, 75, Dies; Studied Race and the Law, June 15, 2011

New York Times, "Court eliminates mandatory death sentence," June 23, 1987

Orlando Sentinel, "Death penalty debate endures," March 26, 2017

The Atlantic, "Racism and the Execution Chamber,"June 23, 2014

Tampa Bay Times, "21 cases taken from Ayala," April 4, 2017

Tampa Bay Times, "Judicial principle, at odds with law," March 26, 2017

Tampa Bay Times, "Peers rebuke Orlando prosecutor," March 18, 2017

Tampa Bay Times, "Court says murder retrial can proceed," Feb. 21, 2017

Tampa Bay Times, "THE RACE ISSUE: Gov. Bush forms a task force to study the role of race in capital sentencing," Jan. 7, 2000

PolitiFact Florida, "Has the U.S. Supreme Court banned all state laws that make executions mandatory for murders?" April 6, 2017

PolitiFact Florida, "Florida ACLU says state has 'the most errors and exonerations from death row,'" June 2, 2014

PolitiFact, "3 fact-checks about the death penalty," June 3, 2014

PunditFact, "Van Jones: In some states, black defendants are three times as likely to get death sentences than whites for same crime," May 7, 2014

PunditFact, "Giuliani: Black and white people who commit murder are convicted at the same rate," Nov. 26, 2014

Interview, Travaris McCurdy, Sen. Randolph Bracy legislative assistant, April 4, 2017

Interview, Baylor Johnson, ACLU of Florida spokesman, April 4, 2017

Interview, Marc Mauer, Sentencing Project executive director, April 4, 2017

Interview, Robert Dunham, Death Penalty information Center executive director, April 4, 2017

Interview, Amber Widgery, National Conference of State Legislatures spokeswoman, April 4, 2017

Interview, Kent Scheidegger, Criminal Justice Legal Foundation legal director, April 4, 2017

Interview, Michael Rushford, Criminal Justice Legal Foundation president, April 5, 2017

Interview, Whitney Ray, Attorney General Pam Bondi spokesman, April 5, 2017

Interview, Noel King Piros, Office of the State Attorney 9th Judicial Circuit paralegal, April 5, 2017

Interview, Frank R. Baumgartner, University of North Carolina political science professor, April 6, 2017

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Florida lawmaker says 'African-Americans are grossly overrepresented on Florida’s death row'

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